[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":73},["ShallowReactive",2],{"q-fire-110-1-fire-science-034":3},{"subject":4,"subjectSlug":5,"subjectKicker":6,"subjectShort":7,"question":8,"related":27,"sameNumber":52,"hasEssay":26},"火災學概要","fire-science","火災學 · Fire Science","火災學",{"id":9,"webId":10,"year":11,"session":12,"subject":4,"number":13,"stem":14,"options":15,"answer":20,"answerNote":21,"images":22,"imagesPending":23,"lawTimestamp":11,"explanation":24,"explanationDeep":25,"freq":12,"indexable":26},"fire-110-1-火災學概要-034","fire-110-1-fire-science-034",110,1,34,"液體變化為氣體之物理現象中，若變化速度至為急速時，因能量在極短的時間內大量放出，即形成爆炸現象，此現象之名稱為何？",{"A":16,"B":17,"C":18,"D":19},"蒸氣爆炸","分解爆炸","高壓氣體爆炸","粉塵爆炸","A",null,[],false,"本題考點：以「有無化學反應」區分爆炸型態，液體急速氣化屬物理性的蒸氣爆炸。\n【正解理由】題幹描述的是液體轉變為氣體的物理現象，且變化速度極為急速，能量在極短時間內大量釋出而形成爆炸。液體氣化時體積可膨脹到原體積的千倍以上(水在一大氣壓沸騰時約 1,700 倍),若液體被急速加熱到遠高於沸點的過熱狀態而瞬間全面沸騰，膨脹功便以壓力波形式釋出，此即蒸氣爆炸；高溫熔融金屬遇水、加壓液化氣體容器破裂皆屬此類，過程中物質的化學組成並未改變，故選 A。\n【逐項排除】\n(A) 正確。純粹的相變與體積急速膨脹，不涉及化學反應，是典型的物理性爆炸。\n(B) 分解爆炸指乙炔、環氧乙烷、聯胺等物質自身分解放熱而爆炸，屬化學性爆炸，與相變無關。\n(C) 高壓氣體爆炸指容器內原本即為高壓氣體，因超壓或容器強度不足而破裂，起點就在氣相，不含液體氣化這一步。\n(D) 粉塵爆炸為懸浮固體微粒與空氣混合後劇烈氧化，屬化學性爆炸，主角是固體而非液體。\n【記憶點】液體瞬間變氣體、組成沒變的爆炸就是蒸氣爆炸——物理性，不燃燒也會炸。","爆炸依能量來源可分為物理性與化學性兩類。物理性爆炸不涉及化學組成改變，如蒸氣爆炸、高壓容器破裂、水蒸汽鍋爐爆炸；化學性爆炸則伴隨氧化或分解反應，如氣體爆炸、粉塵爆炸、分解爆炸與炸藥爆轟。判題時先問一句：炸完之後物質還是原來那個嗎？是的話多半屬物理性。\n蒸氣爆炸的核心是過熱液體的自發成核沸騰。液體被急速加熱到接近其過熱極限溫度(約為臨界溫度的 0.9 倍，水約在攝氏三百度上下)時，無須成核點即可全域同時汽化，汽化速率遠超過壓力釋放速率，於是形成壓力波。體積比可用理想氣體概算:1 莫耳水為 18 公克、液態約 18 立方公分，在 100℃、1 大氣壓下的氣體體積約為 22.4 L×(373÷273)≒30.6 L,兩者相比約 1,700 倍，這個數字既是水系滅火劑窒息效果的來源，也是熔融物遇水必爆的原因。\n最常考的實例是沸騰液體膨脹蒸氣爆炸(BLEVE):液化石油氣槽車或儲槽受外部火焰加熱，氣相部位鋼板因無液體冷卻而軟化，容器破裂瞬間內部過熱液體全面閃沸，碎片飛散並形成巨大火球。要注意破裂本身是物理性，隨後的火球才是化學性燃燒，兩段須分開描述。\n要注意蒸氣爆炸的主角不限於水：液氧、液氮等低溫液化氣體洩漏至常溫環境同樣會急速氣化，液化天然氣接觸海水亦曾造成同類現象，共同點都是相變速率遠超過壓力釋放速率。\n易混淆對照：蒸氣雲爆炸是可燃氣體洩漏後在開闊空間形成混合氣再被引燃，屬化學性；高壓氣體爆炸的起點是既有的壓縮氣體；水蒸汽爆炸與蒸汽鍋爐爆炸則常是同一機制的不同尺度。延伸考點包括火球直徑與持續時間的經驗式、安全距離估算，以及液化氣體儲槽的散熱與洩壓原理。",true,[28,32,36,40,44,48],{"webId":29,"stem":30,"number":31,"year":11,"session":12},"fire-110-1-fire-science-033","當一小爆炸發生時，其壓力波將全廠之粉塵揚起，再被隨後而至之燃燒引爆所引起之全廠性爆炸，此現象為何？",33,{"webId":33,"stem":34,"number":35,"year":11,"session":12},"fire-110-1-fire-science-035","面對廚房油鍋起火燃燒，下列何項應對動作的風險最大？",35,{"webId":37,"stem":38,"number":39,"year":11,"session":12},"fire-110-1-fire-science-032","有關爆炸性物質之特性，下列何者正確？",32,{"webId":41,"stem":42,"number":43,"year":11,"session":12},"fire-110-1-fire-science-036","為防止靜電發生放電時引火造成火災，請問下列有關靜電災害之防止對策何者錯誤？",36,{"webId":45,"stem":46,"number":47,"year":11,"session":12},"fire-110-1-fire-science-031","有關影響粉塵爆炸的因素，下列何者錯誤？",31,{"webId":49,"stem":50,"number":51,"year":11,"session":12},"fire-110-1-fire-science-037","有關電氣火災防範對策中，電器設備之正確使用非常重要，在潮濕場所使用電器時，插頭應加裝何種裝置以防止感電發生？",37,[53,57,61,65,69],{"webId":54,"year":55,"stem":56,"number":13},"fire-113-1-fire-science-034",113,"有關熱傳導的敘述，下列何者正確？",{"webId":58,"year":59,"stem":60,"number":13},"fire-112-1-fire-science-034",112,"對於具有分解爆炸性質的可燃性氣體，下列敘述何者錯誤？",{"webId":62,"year":63,"stem":64,"number":13},"fire-111-1-fire-science-034",111,"下列何者非細水霧滅火系統的特性？",{"webId":66,"year":67,"stem":68,"number":13},"fire-109-1-fire-science-034",109,"BLEVE 的發生，下列敘述何者錯誤？",{"webId":70,"year":71,"stem":72,"number":13},"fire-108-1-fire-science-034",108,"化學物質災害搶救程序 H.A.Z.M.A.T.中有關區域管制事項，下列敘述何者正確？",1785129967142]