[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":72},["ShallowReactive",2],{"q-fire-106-1-fire-science-002":3},{"subject":4,"subjectSlug":5,"subjectKicker":6,"subjectShort":7,"question":8,"related":27,"sameNumber":52,"hasEssay":26},"火災學概要","fire-science","火災學 · Fire Science","火災學",{"id":9,"webId":10,"year":11,"session":12,"subject":4,"number":13,"stem":14,"options":15,"answer":20,"answerNote":21,"images":22,"imagesPending":23,"lawTimestamp":11,"explanation":24,"explanationDeep":25,"freq":12,"indexable":26},"fire-106-1-火災學概要-002","fire-106-1-fire-science-002",106,1,2,"造成工業火災的最高比率因素為何？",{"A":16,"B":17,"C":18,"D":19},"電器","物料過熱","摩擦","明火","A",null,[],false,"本題考點：工業場所火災的起火原因統計，考的是各類火因所占比率之相對高低。\n【正解理由】依火災原因統計與工業火災調查的一般結論，工廠等工業場所因大量使用電力設備、配線長期承載高負荷，且機具運轉時間長、線路老化與接觸不良的機會顯著高於其他火因，因此電器因素(含電氣設備與電氣配線)長期居工業火災起火原因之首位，比率高於物料過熱、摩擦與明火等其他因素，故選 A。\n【逐項排除】\n(A) 電器正確，為應選項。電線短路、接觸不良、過負荷、絕緣劣化與電氣機具故障合計占比最高，且此類起火多發生於無人時段，不易早期發現。\n(B) 物料過熱錯誤。物料在製程中蓄熱或反應放熱確為工業火災的重要原因，但其發生集中於特定製程與物料，整體比率低於電器。\n(C) 摩擦錯誤。機械摩擦生熱多見於傳動、軸承及研磨作業，屬局部性成因，發生場合受限，占比更低。\n(D) 明火錯誤。動火作業如焊接、切割確會引燃周邊可燃物，但通常屬人為疏失且多有作業管制，整體比率不及電器因素。\n【記憶點】工業火災第一名是電器——設備不休息、線路會老化，無人時段最危險。","火災原因統計是火災學中偏向資料判讀的一塊，考點在於分辨不同場所類別的火因排序並不相同。以整體火災而言，電氣因素長年高居前列；若限縮到住宅火災，爐火烹調、菸蒂與電氣因素會互有消長；若限縮到工業或工廠場所，電氣因素的領先幅度更為明顯。其理由可以從三個面向理解：其一，工業場所的用電密度高、設備連續運轉，配線承受的熱應力與機械應力遠大於一般場所；其二，製程機具的啟停造成電流突波，長期累積使接點劣化；其三，許多工廠在停工時段仍保留部分電源，起火時無人在場，初期滅火失效導致火勢擴大，統計上更容易被登錄為重大火災。\n\n電氣火災的細部成因可整理成一組口訣「短、接、過、漏、老」:短路(含層間短路與碳化導電路徑)、接觸不良(端子鬆動產生局部高溫)、過負荷(電流超過導線容許值)、漏電(絕緣破損形成電流路徑)、老化(絕緣材料劣化)。這五項在火災調查與考題中反覆出現，亦是與其他火因區辨的關鍵：摩擦屬機械能轉熱能、明火屬外來火源、物料過熱屬化學反應或蓄熱，唯有電氣是能量在導體內部轉為熱能。\n\n易混淆概念對照：自燃與物料過熱不同，自燃強調物質在無外來火源下因氧化蓄熱升溫至著火點；摩擦與撞擊火花亦有別，前者為持續生熱、後者為瞬間高溫粒子。就火災預防的觀念面而言，不同火因對應的抑制方向亦不同：電氣類著重於用電容量與絕緣狀態的管理，蓄熱類著重於堆放方式與通風散熱，動火類著重於作業管制與周邊清空。\n\n相關考點延伸：此類統計題常與「住宅火災最高比率火因」「火災發生時段分布」「起火處所分布」搭配命題，亦可能結合燃燒四要素或火災成長曲線一併詢問。作答策略是先辨識題目限定的場所類別，再套用該類別的排序，切勿把整體統計的結論直接搬到特定場所，這正是這一題型最常見的失分方式。",true,[28,31,35,40,44,48],{"webId":29,"stem":30,"number":12,"year":11,"session":12},"fire-106-1-fire-science-001","某物質每克的燃燒熱為 1 仟焦耳，若 100 克該物質於 10 秒內平均燃燒完，則該物質之熱釋放率為：",{"webId":32,"stem":33,"number":34,"year":11,"session":12},"fire-106-1-fire-science-003","紅外線顯像儀器可量測下列何種量值？",3,{"webId":36,"stem":37,"number":38,"year":39,"session":12},"fire-114-1-fire-science-008","有關災害搶救標準作業程序之敘述，何者正確？",8,114,{"webId":41,"stem":42,"number":43,"year":11,"session":12},"fire-106-1-fire-science-004","關於火災紀錄的敘述，下列何者錯誤？",4,{"webId":45,"stem":46,"number":47,"year":39,"session":12},"fire-114-1-fire-science-007","油類火災沸溢（Boilover）與濺溢（Spilover）現象之發生區別，下列何者錯誤？",7,{"webId":49,"stem":50,"number":51,"year":11,"session":12},"fire-106-1-fire-science-005","下列形成火災原因中，何者屬於硬體設備之因素？",5,[53,56,60,64,68],{"webId":54,"year":39,"stem":55,"number":13},"fire-114-1-fire-science-002","建築物火災成長過程中有關衰退期的敘述何者錯誤？",{"webId":57,"year":58,"stem":59,"number":13},"fire-113-1-fire-science-002",113,"建築物為防止火焰透過大樓窗口向上層延燒，下列敘述何者正確？",{"webId":61,"year":62,"stem":63,"number":13},"fire-112-1-fire-science-002",112,"下列何者屬於準自然發火性物質？",{"webId":65,"year":66,"stem":67,"number":13},"fire-111-1-fire-science-002",111,"有關爆燃與爆轟，下列敘述何者錯誤？",{"webId":69,"year":70,"stem":71,"number":13},"fire-110-1-fire-science-002",110,"依據建築物火災 t2 成長理論，當釋熱率（Q）達到 4 MW 時，需要 300 秒的時間，表示火災成長之速度為下列何者？",1785129967948]